Cat Trap-Neuter-Return: Australia, is it time?

Cat Trap-Neuter Return: Australia, is it time?

Australia has a love-hate relationship with the cat. Cat owners love them and people who have never owned a cat fail to understand the attraction!  Stray cats are an issue and recent research has looked at trap-neuter-return programs for urban stray cats…

The stray cat issue

Stray cats are a problem; a problem around the world and also a significant issue in Australia. At an estimate, Australia has around 1-2 Million urban stray cats. Stray cats end up in pounds and shelters, where many are euthanised. While some may be rehomed, many cats have never been socialised to humans and cannot make the transition to pets.

Many stray cats, however, are actually semi-owned, where some level of care is provided by humans, often the supply of food. One survey found that one in five households were caring for a cat that was not theirs. Since these semi-owned cats, and they may account for 80-90% of cats entering shelters and pounds,  have had exposure to humans, they cannot be considered feral, as many people mistakenly term them.

Euthanasia of stray cats, as a means of controlling populations, may appear logical to many people. But this low-level killing may actually increase populations of strays, due to juvenile cat survival and multiplication. To reduce the strength of cat colonies, it would require an estimated 30% to 50% of the population to be trapped and culled every six months for at least a decade! Not only does this involve a significant amount of labour and patience, but also has an impact on the stress levels and mental health of the workers concerned.

Transitioning your cat from being an outdoor to indoor cat

Trap-Neuter-Return

Desexing is an important aspect of cat care and controlling feline populations. Trap-neuter-return (TNR) is the process where stray cats are caught, desexed (neutered) and returned to their original location. TNR is used in many overseas countries, including Singapore, Canada, Italy and the United States and results in markedly decreased shelter cat intake. At least 75% to 80% of all cats must be desexed to cause population decline and eventual colony extinction. This may take 12-13 years.

In Australia, TNR, until now, has not been considered a suitable option for the control of stray cat populations. Australians worry about the predatory behaviour of cats on native wildlife, in addition to concerns about their nuisance behaviour. Australian legislation prohibits the abandonment of cats, which, arguably, the TNR process results in. Unofficial TNR programs, however, are being conducted by individuals and organisations all around Australia, with many volunteers providing flea and intestinal parasite treatment in addition to herpes, calicivirus and panleukopenia virus vaccinations for kittens – practices that hardly be considered abandonment.

Australian TNR Study

A recent study has looked at TNR activities within Australia. Survey respondents, 90% of which were female (generally between 36 to 65 years old), provided information about their TNR activities. Cat colonies were located in all major cities and were commonly found around private residences, industrial areas, alleyways or streets. Volunteers became involved due to their desire to stop cats breeding; to make life better for stray cats; because the cats were at risk of being trapped and killed by authorities and/or to reduce nuisance behaviours. Feeding alone took up an average of 4-6 hours per week for these volunteers and many organised desexing and medical care of the cats in their colonies. Adoptable cats were rehomed where possible and the rest returned to their colonies.

The median initial colony size, for 44 colonies,  was 11.5 cats. As a result of TNR activities, colony sizes decreased a median of 31% over two years from 11.5 to 6.5 cats. This was mainly due to desexing and adoption, the latter accounting for 80% of the original colony size. While the intention was to desex 80-100% of cats in these colonies, on average only 50% achieved this within the first six months. Immigrant cats, when not desexed, sustain colony populations and these, together with births of kittens, keep colonies going.

While relatively successful in reducing the number of stray cats, TNR must be done reliably and records must be kept. Since TNR is considered an illegal activity over much of Australia, many individuals and organisations involved in this procedure go under the radar and cannot get funding, making it difficult to sustain over the number of years that are required to reduce stray cat colonies.

The future of TNR in Australia

TNR is a useful method of non-lethal control of urban stray cat populations. It results in reduced colony size and improved health care. It is currently in practice around the world and may be successful in reducing Australian stray cat populations.

The authors of this current study state that legislative change will be required and recommend that legislation be amended to define feral cats as those having no reliance on humans for food or shelter. (Those cats that have some reliance on humans for food or shelter are urban strays). They also recommend that TNR be legalized for urban stray cats in Australia and encouraged by government authorities and welfare agencies to reduce cat numbers.

A registry of TNR colonies should, ideally, be developed and guidelines should be developed for best practice. Desexing of entire colonies are desirable and also adopting of kittens and friendly adults to achieve a rapid reduction in cat numbers. As an added bonus, Trap-Neuter-Return may be more cost-effective than trapping and killing.

Read original study
Trap-Neuter-Return Activities in Urban Stray Cat Colonies in Australia. Kuan Tan, Jacquie Rand & John Morton. Animals 2017, 7(6), 46.